Notes (ii) Communalism, Regionalism, Terrorism, Insurgency 1. Communalism

 

📘 Notes

(ii) Communalism, Regionalism, Terrorism, Insurgency
1. Communalism

• Definition: Political and social ideology where loyalty to one’s religious community is prioritized over national interest.

• Causes: Religious intolerance, politics of vote-bank, economic inequality, lack of education, historical divisions.

• Effects: Riots, hatred, violence, threat to unity and secularism.

• Remedies: Secular education, inter-faith harmony, strict law enforcement, equal development.

2. Regionalism

• Definition: Preference for one’s own region over national interest.

• Causes: Economic imbalance between regions, uneven development, linguistic/cultural pride.

• Effects: Regional parties’ dominance, demand for separate states, sometimes secessionist tendencies.

• Remedies: Balanced regional development, promotion of national integration, federal spirit.

3. Terrorism

• Definition: Use of violence and fear by groups to achieve political, religious, or ideological goals.

• Types in India: Cross-border terrorism (Kashmir issue), Naxalism (Left-wing extremism), urban terrorism.

• Effects: Loss of lives, destruction, foreign investment decline, insecurity.

• Remedies: Strong intelligence, socio-economic development, cooperation with global anti-terror groups.

4. Insurgency

• Definition: Armed rebellion against the state by groups claiming political or ethnic rights.

• Examples: North-East insurgencies, Naxalite movements.

• Causes: Alienation, ethnic identity crisis, neglect of development, political marginalization.

• Remedies: Dialogue, development programs, cultural integration, security measures.

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(iii) Corruption

• Definition: Abuse of public office for private gain (bribery, nepotism, embezzlement).

• Causes: Weak governance, lack of accountability, poverty, greed, political-criminal nexus.

• Effects: Misuse of funds, poor service delivery, loss of trust, slow development.

• Remedies: E-governance, strong anti-corruption laws (Lokpal, RTI), digital payments, people’s participation, transparency.

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(iv) Environmental Issues

• Major Problems in India:

  • Deforestation, pollution (air, water, soil, noise).

  • Climate change, global warming.

  • Land degradation, loss of biodiversity.

• Causes: Industrialization, overpopulation, urbanization, overuse of natural resources.

• Effects: Health hazards, natural disasters, food insecurity, habitat loss.

• Remedies: Afforestation, renewable energy, waste management, strict environmental laws, awareness campaigns, sustainable development.

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(v) Problems of Weaker Sections

1. Scheduled Castes (SCs)

• Problems: Untouchability, caste discrimination, poverty, educational backwardness.

• Constitutional safeguards: Abolition of untouchability (Art. 17), reservations in education, jobs, politics.

2. Scheduled Tribes (STs)

• Problems: Isolation, displacement due to industrial projects, illiteracy, poverty.

• Safeguards: Reservation, Tribal Sub-Plan, protection of cultural rights.

3. Other Backward Classes (OBCs)

• Problems: Educational and economic backwardness.

• Safeguards: Mandal Commission recommendations, 27% reservation in education & jobs.

4. Minorities (Religious/Ethnic)

• Problems: Social marginalization, economic inequality, communal violence.

• Safeguards: Minority Rights (Articles 25–30), National Minority Commission.

5. Children

• Problems: Child labour, malnutrition, school dropout, child abuse, trafficking.

• Laws: Right to Education (RTE), Child Labour Act, POSCO Act.

6. Gender Justice & Women-related Issues

• Problems: Gender discrimination, dowry, female foeticide, domestic violence, unequal wages.

• Safeguards: Women’s Reservation in Panchayats, Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, workplace laws.

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❓ Questions and Answers

Q1. Define Communalism.

Ans: Communalism is an ideology where a person’s loyalty to their religion is placed above loyalty to the nation, often leading to conflict between communities.

Q2. What are the causes of Regionalism in India?

Ans: Economic imbalance, linguistic pride, cultural diversity, political neglect.

Q3. Give two differences between Terrorism and Insurgency.

Ans:

• Terrorism: Uses violence to create fear for ideological goals (often global).

• Insurgency: Organized armed rebellion against the state (local/regional).

Q4. Name two major anti-corruption measures in India.

Ans: Lokpal and RTI Act (Right to Information).

Q5. Mention two important environmental problems in India.

Ans: Deforestation and air pollution.

Q6. State two constitutional safeguards for Scheduled Castes.

Ans: Abolition of untouchability (Art. 17), reservations in education, jobs, and politics.

Q7. What are the problems faced by Scheduled Tribes?

Ans: Displacement, illiteracy, poverty, and exploitation.

Q8. Name two government programmes for women empowerment.

Ans: Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, Domestic Violence Act.

Q9. What are the main problems of children in India?

Ans: Child labour, malnutrition, trafficking, school dropout.

Q10. What do you mean by Gender Justice?

Ans: Gender Justice means ensuring equality of rights, opportunities, and dignity between men and women in every sphere of life.