- Success in Sociology STPGT(SELECTION TEST FOR POST GRADUATE TEACHER)

Basic Sociological Concepts & Social Control – Notes & MCQ

Basic Concepts – Short Notes

Society: A group of people sharing territory, culture, and institutions, bound together by social relationships.
Community: A localized group of people with a sense of belonging, sharing common interests and identity.
Association: An organized group formed for achieving a specific purpose (e.g., trade union, club).
Institution: Established patterns of behavior and rules (e.g., family, education, religion).
Organization: A structured group of people working together to achieve goals (e.g., schools, companies).
Status: The social position a person holds in society (ascribed or achieved).
Role: Expected behavior attached to a status (e.g., teacher’s role is to educate).
Culture: Shared beliefs, values, customs, and practices of a society.
Norms: Accepted rules of behavior that guide actions.
Values: Shared ideals about what is right, desirable, or important.
Socialization: Process by which individuals learn norms, values, and roles of society.
Social Conformity: Adjusting behavior to match societal expectations.
Deviance: Behavior that violates social norms and expectations.
Ethnicity: Cultural identity based on shared language, history, religion, and traditions.
Race: A social classification of people based on physical traits such as skin color.
Sex: Biological differences between male and female.
Gender: Social and cultural roles, behaviors, and expectations attached to being male or female.

Concept: Mechanisms to regulate behavior and maintain social order.
Types:
- Formal: Laws, rules, regulations enforced by institutions.
- Informal: Customs, traditions, norms, public opinion.
Agencies: Family, education, religion, media, law, state.
Significance: Maintains order, ensures stability, reduces conflict, protects social values.