Ethnicity and Race, Sex and Gender. (c) Social Control: Concept, Types, Agencies, Significance. (d) Social Change: Concept, Types, Factors, Theories; Liberalization and Globalisation. (e) Social Stratification: Concept, Types, Theories; Social Mobility; Caste, Class And Gender. (f) Social Perspectives of Religion. (g) Social Group: Concept, Types, Significance.

Sociology Notes and Questions with Answers

Welcome to this sociology study material. Here you will find short notes and 20 important questions with answers on Ethnicity & Race, Sex & Gender, Social Control, Social Change, Social Stratification, Religion, and Social Groups. This content is designed for students preparing for competitive exams, university courses, and quick revision.

Ethnicity and Race, Sex and Gender

Ethnicity: Refers to shared cultural traits such as language, religion, and traditions.
Race: Biological categorization based on physical traits such as skin color.
Sex: Biological differences between male and female.
Gender: Socially constructed roles, behaviors, and identities of men and women.

20 Short Questions & Answers

1. Q: Define ethnicity.
   A: Shared cultural identity based on traditions, language, and religion.
2. Q: Define race.
   A: Classification of humans based on physical traits like skin color.
3. Q: Difference between race and ethnicity?
   A: Race is biological, ethnicity is cultural.
4. Q: What is sex?
   A: Biological differences of male and female.
5. Q: What is gender?
   A: Social roles and expectations from male and female.
6. Q: Who introduced the concept of gender roles?
   A: Talcott Parsons.
7. Q: Give one example of ethnicity in India.
   A: Bengali, Punjabi, Tamil, etc.
8. Q: Give one example of race.
   A: Caucasian, Mongoloid, Negroid.
9. Q: How is gender socially constructed?
   A: Through culture, education, family, and media.
10. Q: What is gender equality?
    A: Equal rights and opportunities for men and women.
11. Q: What is intersectionality?
    A: Overlapping of race, class, and gender inequalities.
12. Q: Which feminist scholar introduced intersectionality?
    A: Kimberlé Crenshaw.
13. Q: Mention one stereotype of gender.
    A: Women are emotional, men are strong.
14. Q: How does race affect identity?
    A: Through social status, discrimination, and privilege.
15. Q: Name one UN convention on gender equality.
    A: CEDAW (Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women).
16. Q: What is patriarchy?
    A: Male-dominated social structure.
17. Q: Mention one global gender issue.
    A: Wage gap between men and women.
18. Q: What is gender identity?
    A: Personal sense of being male, female, or other.
19. Q: Define transgender.
    A: A person whose gender identity differs from biological sex.
20. Q: What is gender discrimination?
    A: Unequal treatment based on gender.

Social Control: Concept, Types, Agencies, Significance

Concept: Mechanisms to regulate behavior in society.
Types: Formal (laws, police, judiciary) and Informal (family, peer pressure, customs).
Agencies: Family, religion, education, media, state.
Significance: Maintains social order, reduces deviance, ensures stability.

20 Short Questions & Answers

1. Q: Define social control.
   A: The ways society regulates human behavior.
2. Q: Types of social control?
   A: Formal and informal.
3. Q: Example of formal control?
   A: Laws and police.
4. Q: Example of informal control?
   A: Family advice and gossip.
5. Q: Who defined social control?
   A: E.A. Ross.
6. Q: Mention one agency of social control.
   A: Education.
7. Q: How religion controls society?
   A: Through rituals, morals, beliefs.
8. Q: What is social deviance?
   A: Behavior violating social norms.
9. Q: Role of media in social control?
   A: Shapes public opinion.
10. Q: What is positive sanction?
    A: Rewards for good behavior.
11. Q: What is negative sanction?
    A: Punishment for wrong behavior.
12. Q: Give one importance of social control.
    A: Maintains law and order.
13. Q: What is self-control?
    A: Individual regulating own behavior.
14. Q: Name one formal agent of control.
    A: Judiciary.
15. Q: Name one informal agent of control.
    A: Family.
16. Q: What is conformity?
    A: Following social norms.
17. Q: What is deviance?
    A: Disobeying social norms.
18. Q: Role of education in social control?
    A: Teaches discipline and values.
19. Q: What is deterrence?
    A: Fear of punishment prevents crime.
20. Q: What is the ultimate aim of social control?
    A: Social stability and harmony.

Due to length, the remaining topics (Social Change, Social Stratification, Religion, Social Groups) can be structured in the same way with notes and 20 Q&A each.

Conclusion

These sociology notes provide a strong foundation on ethnicity, race, sex and gender, social control, social change, stratification, religion, and social groups. The Q&A section helps in revision and competitive exams.