Success in Sociology STPGT(SELECTION TEST FOR POST GRADUATE TEACHER)

 Unit-III: Sociological Theories

(a) Nature and Task of Theory; Macro and Micro Sociology

Sociological Theory is a set of logically interrelated propositions that explains a social phenomenon. Its task is to provide a framework for understanding social patterns and structures, moving from simple observations to systematic explanations.

    Macro Sociology: Focuses on large-scale social structures and systems, such as social institutions, social classes, and entire societies. It analyzes how these broad patterns influence individuals and groups. Theories: Functionalism and Conflict Perspective.

    Micro Sociology: Concentrates on small-scale social interactions and individual-level behavior. It examines how face-to-face interactions shape social reality. Theories: Symbolic Interactionism.

(b) Functionalism: General Propositions; Views of T. Parsons and R. K. Merton

Functionalism views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.

    General Propositions: Society is a system of interdependent parts, each with a specific function. Social change is orderly and gradual. Social institutions exist because they serve a necessary function in society.

    Talcott Parsons: Emphasized the importance of social systems maintaining equilibrium. He proposed the AGIL model, outlining four functional imperatives for any system to survive: Adaptation, Goal attainment, Integration, and Latency (pattern maintenance).

    Robert K. Merton: Refined Parsons's ideas by distinguishing between manifest functions (intended and recognized consequences) and latent functions (unintended and unrecognized consequences). He also introduced the concept of dysfunctions, which are social patterns that have negative consequences for the operation of society.

(c) Conflict Perspective: General Propositions; Views of R. Dahrendorf and L. A. Coser

Conflict Perspective views society as a competition for limited resources. Social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than by consensus and conformity.

    General Propositions: Society is composed of groups with competing interests. Social change is revolutionary and driven by conflict. Power and inequality are central to social life.

    Ralf Dahrendorf: Argued that modern society is based on the conflict between those in authority and those who are subject to it, shifting the focus from economic class to power relations within organizations.

    Lewis A. Coser: Maintained that conflict can also be a positive force that promotes social integration and change. He argued that conflict can clarify group boundaries and alliances, and lead to new norms and institutions.

(d) Social Interaction Perspective - General Propositions; Views of Mead and Blumer

Social Interaction Perspective (or Symbolic Interactionism) examines society through the lens of individuals and their interpretations of symbols.

    General Propositions: People act toward things based on the meaning those things have for them. Meanings are derived from social interaction and are modified through interpretation.

    George Herbert Mead: His work laid the foundation for the theory. He developed the idea of the "self" as a social product, which emerges from social interaction and the ability to take on the perspective of others. Key concepts include the "I" (the spontaneous, unsocialized self) and the "Me" (the social self, shaped by others' attitudes).

    Herbert Blumer: Coined the term "symbolic interactionism" and summarized its core principles. He stressed that human beings act on the basis of meaning, that meaning is a social product, and that this meaning is constantly being interpreted and re-evaluated through interaction.